Understanding Hypotension: Causes, Types, Symptoms, Management, Prevention, and Potential Complications of Low Blood Pressure

 Hypotension (Low Blood Pressure): Overview

Hypotension refers to blood pressure lower than 90/60 mmHg. While it may be normal for some individuals without symptoms, it can indicate an underlying problem when symptomatic. Common causes include dehydration, blood loss, heart conditions, endocrine disorders, severe infections (sepsis), and certain medications like diuretics or antihypertensives.

Types of Hypotension:

1. Orthostatic Hypotension: 

Sudden drop in blood pressure upon standing, often due to dehydration, prolonged bed rest, or autonomic dysfunction.

2. Postprandial Hypotension: 

Blood pressure drops after eating, typically in older adults.

3. Neurogenic Hypotension: 

Common in conditions like Parkinson’s disease.

4. Shock:

 Severe form leading to organ failure due to insufficient blood flow.

Symptoms:

Dizziness or lightheadedness

Fainting (syncope)

Blurred vision

Fatigue

Nausea

Management:

 Treatment depends on the cause. For mild cases, increasing fluid and salt intake may help. Severe cases may require addressing the underlying cause, medication adjustments, or interventions like vasopressors in emergencies.

Prevention:

Stay hydrated

Avoid sudden position changes

Wear compression stockings, if advised

Persistent or symptomatic hypotension requires medical 

evaluation to rule out serious conditions.

Complications:

If left untreated, hypotension can lead to inadequate blood flow to vital organs like the brain, heart, and kidneys, potentially causing organ damage.

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