"The Cardiac Cycle: Phases, Electrical Regulation, Heart Sounds, and Its Importance in Circulatory Function"

Cardiac Cycle

Introduction

The cardiac cycle refers to the sequence of mechanical and electrical events that occur in one complete heartbeat. It involves the contraction and relaxation of the heart chambers to pump blood effectively. The cycle ensures continuous circulation of oxygenated and deoxygenated blood throughout the body.

Phases of the Cardiac Cycle

The cardiac cycle consists of three main phases:

Atrial Systole: 

The atria contract, pushing blood into the ventricles. The atrioventricular (AV) valves (mitral and tricuspid) remain open, while the semilunar valves are closed.

Ventricular Systole: 

The ventricles contract, closing the AV valves and opening the semilunar valves (aortic and pulmonary). This forces blood into the aorta and pulmonary artery.

Diastole: 

The heart relaxes, allowing the atria and ventricles to refill with blood. The semilunar valves close to prevent backflow, while the AV valves reopen.

Electrical Conduction System

The heart’s contractions are regulated by its electrical conduction system, which includes:

Sinoatrial (SA) Node: The pacemaker of the heart, initiating the impulse.

Atrioventricular (AV) Node: Delays the impulse to allow ventricular filling.

Bundle of His and Purkinje Fibers: Conduct impulses to the ventricles for contraction.

Importance of the Cardiac Cycle

The cardiac cycle ensures efficient blood circulation, delivering oxygen and nutrients while removing waste. It maintains blood pressure and adapts to the body's changing oxygen demands, making it crucial for overall cardiovascular health.

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